Health Insurance Zone – Helping organizations make the right decisions about health insurance and financial security

InvitationBox isn’t the same as the department stores you’re used to fighting through. At InvitationBox, there are no crowds, no salesmen, and no hassle. And where bloated department stores have poor selection, damaged products, or simply not what you’re looking for, InvitationBox carries almost anything you could hope for or dream of. No matter your paper needs for the occasion, InvitationBox can back you up for all of it! Don’t settle for less than the finest products and the maximum degree of comfort and convenience. Send better Baby Shower Invitations this time. We make cards easy to find and fun to hunt for. While trudging around a cramped aisle with a faulty cart may be attractive to some, you’re a classier person than that. We offer the finest customer service online, without harassing you on the sales floor to purchase things. There’s no need to stress or hassle anymore over ‘the little things’ in your life. Where stores offline provide limited selections and quantities, we offer an impeccably broad range of items sure to suit even the most complicated tastes. Don’t give up convenience you’re entitled to! The finest Bridal Shower Invitations are right at your fingertips! Send nothing but the best Bridal Shower Invitations to your soontobe guests. InvitationBox’s purpose above all else is to provide you with your stationary needs at an affordable cost. We offer nothing but the finest cards, stationary, note cards and gifts for your convenience and the benefit of your friends, family and loved ones. We make finding the perfect card for every occasion completely affordable. Don’t waste precious time and money in a bigbox department store aisle trying to contrive the perfect meaning out of a canned card. Our suppliers take greeting cards to an art form. You owe it to yourself to give us a shot at making your life easier and making your greetings more vibrant. Don’t settle for anything but the finest items from any supplier.

This is the happiest day in my life so I would like to share some new updates from areapal website, one of the finest suppliers of movies online. They were updating their site and new features like movies analyzing sites, personal information on cast of the movies that you want to watch. Now there is likelihood that you can watch movies online through this valuable web site. They are more updates that has made them the most recent site on web to enjoy all these features you need to enter the new world named areapal.com/world where you can get all movies and music download in high quality. Apart from that you can also buy movies online. Getting information about your famous celebrities and rare pictures is rare to find in other websites. It is extremely worth if you visit this webpage areapal.com/world so that you can save your time that was wasted during surfing. If you want to get any information about movies and music albums logon to a website. To get more information about the website just click the hyperlink.

Have a nice day guys, hope all are doing well. As for me here I’m doing fine and I enjoy surfing the net today, and I am glad I found an online site that offered HVG Insurance. Wow! It was good news for us, right? Well I guess you are also interested in regard with these opportunities. So I will not make any longer talk for now, I want you to visit the online website for more information and clarification at HVG insurance they got all your insurance covered.
So I suggest you to come and visit them for they are easy to reach and approach plus they are online. Anytime, they are available to serve you. Give care to your needs now. Remember that your future depends on you. Anyway guys, this was a very good thing to have insurance, to keep safe ,and have a comfortable lifestyle ,the assurance of living.
So what are u waiting for? Try them now. Keep in touch with their good services offered. I know you will be very grateful if you do. What kind of Insurance do you want? Just feel free to approach them; they have many insurance available for you. Good luck to you guys.

When you buy a computer, you’ll probably need a printer to go along with it. Two major types of printers are used in the home, or most business and organizations are laser and inkjet printer. Inkjet printers are the cheapest option for home use. Depending on the type of printer, you should change the ink or toner when it gets low. Inkjet printers use little containers of ink that are really easy to change.

Before you buy an inkjet printer, check the price and availability if ink cartridges for the printer. There are many different places to buy inkjet printer. To get cheap ink you can buy it online on the internet. You should shop around to find the best deal for inkjets that you need. If possible you can use coupon code before checkout, so you can save more money. To find coupon code you can search it with your favorite search engine.

Getting and keeping affordable health insurance in your state is up to you. With health insurance market constant changing with new laws, new research and increasing cost of healthcare. It is up to us to do our research to understand health insurance and the ways on how we can control health insurance costs. Health insurance companies to stay competitive understand the need for affordable health insurance plans. Insurance companies are constantly changing their health plans to make them more affordable. The only real way to make health insurance plans more affordable is to exclude certain benefits. It is a risk that insurance companies are taking. Since most of the time when shopping for the health insurance plan most people do not understand what is exactly covered and what is not covered.

We have to agree that health insurance companies are not going to give away free coverage. With that in mind we have to agree that insurance companies are also not going to have a plan that cost less cover everything exactly the same as the plan that cost more. The cost of health insurance is almost the same across the board not matter which insurance company you go with. It is true that insurance companies that run more efficiently can offer better rates. What makes that largest difference in the cost of the actual plan is what and how it covers medical bills in case of emergency. The great thing is insurance companies are closely regulated by state insurance commissioner. State laws do vary and so do health insurance health plans in every state. For example in some states insurance companies can exclude certain pre existing conditions to offer you a lower rate. If you have some medical issue and it is being covered by workman’s compensation insurance then you would not need to have double coverage. In other states like California you either get approved or you will get a higher rate or you will get declined. Insurance companies in the state of California cannot exclude coverage on pre-existing conditions once you are approved.

With all of that in mind let’s look at all the options we have to make our health insurance plans more affordable. First is our deductible, which will give us largest control over health insurance premium we pay to Health Insurance Company. There are three types of plans with deductibles. One is a health plan where you have to meet the deductible to get any benefits, the second one is where everything is covered with small co-pay and deductible applies only for hospital stays and third the most popular and the most dangerous one in no deductible. No deductible plans in most cases are the creative work of the insurance companies. In most cases plans that have no deductible you will be responsible for what’s called daily fee and co-insurance. In most cases you could be more out of pocket with no deductible plans then a plan with a deductible.

Second we have more and more insurance companies offer health insurance plans with option of have brand name drug coverage or just generic prescription drug coverage. What does that mean to you? Well the simple way to explain this is that brand name drugs are the drugs that you see on TV commercials. Prescription drugs are regulated by FDA and by FDA rules after the brand name drug has been on the market for over five years over drug companies can copy it. That means that when Drug Company comes out with a new drug they can charge for it as much as they want and no one can copy their formula for that drug for over five years. The reason FDA has that type of rules is because they figure that it takes a lot of money to research new drug. By FDA regulations brand name drugs and generic drugs must have exactly same active ingredient. Basically they are exactly same drug just one cost a lot more. Talk to your doctor before you make any changes. Here is where we are getting with this is if you get a health insurance plans that covers generic drugs only you can save your self a lot of money on your health insurance premiums. With some health plans you can also customize your prescription drug deductible.

Third is health insurance plans that give you option of covering your doctor visits or not covering them. This option could save you a lot of money. What that means is some health insurance plans will allow you to pay for your own doctor visits versus having insurance company pay portion and you pay co-pay. You have to ask your self how many time do you really go to a doctor every year? Most regular doctor visit will cost you anywhere from $55 to $75. Therefore you if you go once or twice a year to a doctor and you can just pay out of pocket and save $50 a month on your health insurance, would you do it?

Well here you have it with these three options you can get affordable health insurance. There are some other options you can also take a look at like Health Saving Account qualified health insurance plans, which is a different topic. It all just makes sense, why pay for something you do not need and not going to use. With some simple decisions you can get the coverage you want at the premium you can afford.

NEED AND CONTEXT

It has been observed that the recent economic growth in the Asian cities indicate that there has been a breakdown of traditional support systems such as the family because of rapid urbanization and modernization. Moreover, a large number of people are living below the poverty line in impoverished environment in urban and rural communities. Their acute needs for housing, food, health, education, and incomes are the very forces that push adolescents to look for a means of livelihood on the streets, engage in prostitution, be hooked up with crime/drug syndicates, or become victims of sexual and physical abuse. It is a battle of bare struggle for daily survival and contributes in every ways they can. Any measure to penalize parents of such children will only result in further abuse and oppression of people who are already disadvantaged. Such children struggle hard in getting the most essential requirements to meet the basic needs of life and such children need special attention and educational intervention. These disadvantaged adolescents are generally malnourished and often anemic; many of them physically stunted, suffer psychologically from undue family pressures and abuses and are neglected at home. They tend to develop low self-esteem from broken families, single-headed households because of the death, separation, or labor migration of one of their parents. Moreover, they live in slums and squatter communities, sub-human conditions and are susceptible to crime syndicates and gang conflicts, substance/drug abuse, and gambling.

In the developing and under developed countries like India and Thailand a large percentage of population live below the poverty line and adolescents from such environment face difficulties in getting access to good education. It is therefore felt that in both the surround adolescents are of in the process of development and failure to meet their developmental need have lend to safe and serial destructions behaviors. Adolescents lack necessary life skills for cape up in to the realities and challenges of life. Adolescents accords for the largest portion of the world’s population and have been on an increasing trend and there are “230 million Indian adolescent in the age of group of 4 to 19” that (Population and Health IndoShare, 2006). Moreover, it is expected that this age group will continue to grow reaching over “214 million by 2020” (United Nations (UN) 2000) due to has traditionally been a male dominated society and has a strong son preference in most part of but Indian girls tend to be discriminated against by their families and also demographic trends indicate deep-rooted gender discrimination. In India, the condition of disadvantaged adolescents resembled that of their centers pail Thailand. Indian Young adolescents are facings serious problem of lack of access to reliable knowledge on the process of growing up reproductive health practices and value system. There has been a need to provide education on the developmental changes and needs during teenagers. This may reduce the risk of future.

Today, almost every Indian and Thai whether rich or poor, young or old, is exposed to much that is foreign, largely because in the last two decades India and Thailand has become one of the region’s most popular tourists destinations. At times, the growing economy and favorable investment opportunities have also attracted many foreign multinationals, which continue to add to the already fair large expatriate community. However, despite the intensity of their exposure to “foreign” influences, particularly western cultures and lifestyles, Indian and Thai culture remains a solid influence within family life and early childhood. From birth, Indian and Thai adolescents are still much more deeply immersed in culture than they are exposed to foreign influences despite the fast-paced changes that have been affecting Indian and Thai adolescents. The adolescents of deferred families are emotionally disturbed and driven adrift as wanderers, delinquent children with im-permissive behaviors such as loitering, gambling, drug addiction, crime, truancy, prostitution, and begging, illegal dealings. As the consequence of these adverse behaviors, cases of illegal pregnancy, baby abandonment, and HIV/AIDS infection are becoming more and more severe.

There also reported, “Thai Children are spending more time in talking and chatting on the phone and the trendiest models of mobile phones, love hanging out with their friends at night, the drugs problem and the loss of Thai identity and shopping for brand name products. The latest fashion among the hobbies of many of today’s Thai children is they are becoming increasingly violent and blaming society and their own families for their behavior and involve in premature sex, drugs and aggressiveness”. “The study found that despite the well-to-do family backgrounds of the teens surveyed, most of them shared a common problem of loneliness, depressive tendencies and a need for love”. The gap between parents and children is greater than ever before, arising from broken families or from families which faille to inculcate morals in their children because they havenless time for their children and had left them to the peril of sick and violent society in Thailand (Aphaluck Bhatiasevi, Thongbai Thongpao 2002), (Tong Thum Struggles, 2006)

With the best intention and efforts of the education as a social instrument, it is possible to promote the complete welfare of disadvantaged population. Among the several types of disadvantaged adolescents, Adolescents forced to enter the labour market, adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS and adolescents affected by narcotic drugs need special attention. They have trouble in getting proper guidance to overcome personal problems and require proper guidance and counseling to become aware of the ill effects narcotic drugs, labour market and HIV/AIDS. It may not be possible to develop awareness in the expected manner through normal school curriculums. Hence, a separate educational intervention, which is nothing but a planned programme of educational guidance, organized to meet the scientific and psychological needs of disadvantaged adolescents in the age group of 13-16. Hence, in this study, an attempt will be made to study the educational adjustment of disadvantaged adolescents and to find out the impact of a structured educational intervention programme in developing proper awareness and attitude towards reproductive health, drugs, sexuality and values.

The present study examined the impact of an educational intervention programme on the knowledge and attitude on disadvantaged adolescents in Northern India and Thailand. The study intends to assess and compare the knowledge about the process of growing up, HIV/AIDS awareness, values and attitude of teen-age students staying in the schools. Reproductive health education is a key strategy for promoting preventive measures among teenagers.

METHOS

The sample for the study consisted of 225 disadvantaged adolescents who included 125 adolescents from India (Chennai Himmat Slum area, Jammu region) and Thailand (Yong People Develop Chiang Mai and Teresa Anusorn Foundation (Ban Teresa) Chiang Rai, Province). The sample populations of disadvantaged adolescents are residents of orphanages and slum area and studying in high school classes in the age of groups from 13 to 16 years. Data was collected by administering knowledge test consisted of items on process of growing up HIV/AIDS, reproductive organs and their functions family planning and parenting and attitude scale to measure beliefs and practices about sexuality and abstinence. An experimental design consisted of experimental and control group was formed. Questionnaires were translated from English to Hindi and Thai, (mother tongue of the respondent), then back in to English to ensure that no meaning was lost in translation. There were use two groups of learner: both the groups were given Pre-Test as well as Post-Test, where experimental group were given intervention programme and control group was not be given any intervention programme.

Control group: – there were in two states: ten administrators conducted face-to-face interviews and Focus groups with disadvantaged adolescent in India and Thailand.

First state, in India country; 10 Indian administrators were called the Indian disadvantaged adolescents from there house at Slum area (Jammu), meeting for data collected were an adjustment questionnaire in each of person and groups by Hindi (mother tongue of the respondent).

Second state, in Thailand country: 125 questionnaires in Thai (mother tongue of the respondent) were administered to the Thai disadvantaged adolescent of two orphanages, I collected later the questionnaires.

Intervention / Treatment Programme

Experts: Facilitators who were willing to participate in the study were invited for receiving community sensitization, booklet distribution, and CD training;

Experimental group: 200 students (and also inmates) belonging to Channai Himmat, Slum area (Jammu, India), Teresa Anusorn Foundation (Ban Teresa), and Yong People Develop (Thailand) who had got least scores namely, were given one day training programme on intervention or treatment as;

In the morning: the orientation and participants programme concentrated on basic issues such as general framework of adolescent growth, and consisted of discussions and demonstrations. The training programme practiced the activities to develop the knowledge level and the attitude about HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education

In the afternoon until evening: the revised questionnaires were administered to the experimental group in 3 sessions as: (a) the personal details. (b) The knowledge level and attitude were administered to find out themselves and whenever they had doubt in understanding the items, the administrators made them easy by giving supplementary examples. In addition, (c) group discussed for preparation of suggestive measures to improve and policies.

Design of the study

An educational intervention programme consisting of awareness activities presented through media presentation, discussion and interaction was presented to the experimental group. Universals and multivariate analysis of the data were used to assess the impact of interventions and to identify the predictors of change in knowledge and attitude. Significant changes in terms of gain between pre-test and post-test was observed.

Analysis

The completed questionnaires were collated and entered into the computer. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS. After verification and reduction of data, descriptive frequencies were completed. This was followed by uni-variate and multi-variety procedures to assess the impact of the interventions and to identify other predictors of change in knowledge and attitude. Analysis was stratified by sex shown how responses to the variables of knowledge and attitude, differ boys, girls, age, and education. Descriptive statistics was used to profile the study population. Knowledge and attitude was then used to explore the demographic variables associated with HIV/AIDS, drug abused and reproductive Health Education. The following statistical techniques were applied in the present project: Paired Samples “T”-test and “F”-test.

FINDINGS

The demographic profile of the 250 Indian and Thai respondent questionnaires is shown the relationships between demographic characteristics of Indian and Thai were founds Indian boys (54. 40%) less than Thai boys (56%), and Indian girls (45. 60%) more than Thai girls (44%). In the same age group of Indian and Thai 15 years old, and the same of the secondary school of Indian: (Standard: 9) and Thai: (Grades 3), had significant . 05 is shown in Table 1.

Answers were grouped in comparing scores from Indian and Thai disadvantage adolescent after received a treatment on knowledge and attitude about HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education, all participating (N= 200) were group interviewed and after the intervention had significant difference is (0. 05), are shown in Table 2-16.

The findings also revealed significant differences between boys and girls in knowledge and attitude towards reproductive health education. Implications of the study for the awareness programmes were suggested.

DISCUSSION

In many Northern states of India and Thailand, the HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health needs of Indian and Thai disadvantaged adolescents are either poorly understood or not fully appreciated. Evidence is growing that this neglect can seriously jeopardize the HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health education needs and future well-being of them.

The policies addressed the effectiveness of the programmed to highlights what there needs to be done to promote and protect to the disadvantaged adolescent in India and Thailand in the future as: all schools should develop textbooks making learning interesting by following extensive community sensitization in support of adolescent reproductive health education appropriate in Indian and Thai cultural and tradition. Because of Indian and Thai culture and tradition, adolescents kept learning by them long time ago that, made them grow up in the wrong life and have been against morality.

Indian and Thai adolescent problems erupt from families and by themselves after they have been sexually abused or because their families could not understand adolescent behavior and teach them about reproductive health education and sexual health education. Such as should improve in knowledge and attitude among school-going adolescents with the media modern of families. In addition, it was found that sexually abused violated in Indian and Thai adolescents should learn and practice self-protection and should gather knowledge of the Child Rights and much more.

India disadvantaged adolescents

1. Indian disadvantaged adolescents are neglected from home, school and there country of the knowledge. They tend to undeveloped of the confidents and very poorly of the knowledge, attitude about Reproductive Health, drug and HIV/AIDS. Thus as, should to improve and increase and learn the knowledge attitude and understanding of disadvantaged adolescents

2. In India, the responsible organizations both governmental and non-governmental of India have to develop policies for adolescent and should to include HIV/AIDS education and health programme in schools curriculums. In addition, those reproductive health educational services for adolescent girls are especially needed in schools and families.

3. Parents, families, teachers and administrators in orphanages or schools should be encouraged to discuss or give guidance and approval about reproductive health education, drug and HIV/AIDS with their disadvantaged adolescent.

Thailand disadvantaged adolescents

1. Should to improve and increase the knowledge attitude and understanding of disadvantaged adolescents in Northern about reproductive health education and sexual health education.

2. Especially, in Northern, Thailand having spread of higher Drug and HIV/AIDS, thus as should to teach or train to get about the knowledge attitude and understanding of reproductive health to adolescents and parents more then other.

3. The reproductive and sexual health education should be included in the curriculum for the second level – primary education (Grades 4-6), Third level – secondary education (Grades 1-3) and Fourth level – secondary education (Grades 4-6). It is too late to start from Third level – secondary education (Grades 1-3) in Thailand thus; the Ministry of Education has to prepare a new policy to put this subject at the Basic Education Curriculum Standard as soon as possible.

4. It appears that in Thailand media has caused a change in sex related values among adolescents. With the misuse of Internet in getting information on sex related issue supplemented by the use of Cell phone, TV, VCD, DVD and booklets is increasing Crime problems of sexually abused. Thus, the qualities of the textbooks or booklets to be distributed to the adolescents.

TABLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank to Dr. Y. N. Sridhar, Guide of Research for me. I would like too many helpful and thank the following students, Mr. Kasame Sakonllapap, Mr. Santi Jongkongka, Mr. Prasarn Ruansang and people for their supported. I thankfulness to Father Carlo Luzzi, Mother Elisa Cavana, Father Niphot Thiengwiharn and my family, for contributing to this study by providing funding.

REFERENCE

1. Aphaluck Bhatiasevi. Youngsters want love in the family; 2002 January 7,- Thailand. Available from: URL: http://www. thailandlife. com/ Thaiyouth_67. html/

2. Arundhati Mishra. Enlightening Adolescent Boys in India on Gender and RSH. 2002. Available from: URL: http://www. jhuccp. org/igwg/ Presentations/Monday/ Plan/

Enlightening. pdf

3. Arunee Hongsiriwat. A comparison of errors in forecasting Educational time series data with stationary and no-stationary data using ARIMA model, ARIMA intervention model and regression model, Bangkok, Thailand (dissertation). Chulalongkorn Univ. ; 2000.

4. APPENDIX A: Country Summaries, Health and Education needs of Ethnic Minorities in the greater Mekong, sub region in Thailand. p. 10-11. (Copyright)

5. A. G. Sathe and Shanta Sathe. Pune, India. Available from: URL: http://www.

medind. nic. in/jah/t05/i1/jaht05i1p49. pdf

6. Child Help Foundation. Available from: URL: http://www. centralsingapore. org.

sg/site/ volunteer/expedition2004/chf. htm

7. C. P. González-Camacho (Mexico), J. U. Quevedo-Torrero (USA), J. M. Loaiza Moreno, M. Larios-Rosas, V. C. Ocegueda-Hernández (Mexico), and S. H. S. Huang (USA). A Complete Referral-Intervention-Identification-System for Special Education: RIIS. Available from: URL: http://www. actapress. com/PaperInfo. aspx? PaperID=26281

8. Chaturon Chaisang. Road map for expediting Education Reform for the forthcoming Quarter; Education Reform: Next Step Forward. Press Conference. Meeting Room of the Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand. 2005 November 6. (Copyright).

9. Children in Need. Available from: URL: http://www. mercycentre. org/ helpess.

htm1#orphanages.

10. CSC. A Civil Society Forum for East and South East Asia on Promoting and Protecting the Rights of Street Children. Civil Society forum report, Bangkok, Thailand. 2003 March; 12-14 (Copyright).

11. Dilok Sritong, The disadvantaged children in Jammu. 30 March 2007. (Not copyright).

12. Disadvantaged Home. Available from: URL: http://www. cssr. or. th/Work/

HTML/pattaya03. asp.

13. Education Commission Education in Thailand. Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing, Ministry of Education, Thailand. 1998. ISBN 974-8086-30-5,

14. Education in Thailand. Number of Disadvantaged Students in OBEC Schools by Type and Gender: Academic Years 2002- 2003. Office of the National Education Commission Education in Thailand, Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing, Ministry of Education, National. 2004: ISBN 974-241-733-4, p: 20-34.

15. Education in Thailand. Past Development of Thai Education. 1998. Available from: URL: http://www. edthat. com/publication/edu/1998/chapter/1page. 7htm

16. Education in Thailand. The National Education Plan (2002-2016). Office of the National Education Commission Education in Thailand, Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing, Ministry of Education, Thailand. 2004 ISBN: 974-8086-30-5, p: 19. (Copyright).

17. ECPAT. Available from: URL: http://www. ecpat. net/eng/Ecpat_ inter/projects/monitoring/online_database/countries. asp?arrCountryID=1

18. Eastern Child Welfare Protection Home. Available from: URL: http://www. geocities. com/houypong_home/

19. Father Carlo Luzzi. The Hill Tribes Disadvantaged in Northern, Thailand. 9 October 2007. (Not copyright).

20. Father Komkrit Anamnat. The disadvantaged students in Nuchanat Ansorn School. Available from: URL: http://www. nuchanat. com/documents/ Management%20

structure. htm

21. Father Niphot Thiengwiharn. Yong People Development. Doi Sa Kuat, Chaing Mai, Thailand. 10 December 2006. (Not copyright).

22. Foundation for the Better Life of Children (FBLC). Available from: URL: http://www. citizenbase. org/crtools/helement. html

23. Global March Against Child Labour. Children’s World Congress on Child Labour. 2004. Available from: URL: http://www/globalmarch. org/ Worldcongress/ gaw

2004. php.

24. International Bureau for Children’ Rights. Making Children’s Rights Work: Country Profile on Thailand. 2004 p: 3-4. (Copyright).

25. Kittisak Ketunuti. A development of a parent education program providing Home-based early intervention for Cerebral Palsy children, Bangkok, Thailand, (dissertation). Chulalongkorn Univ. ; 1997

26. Government of Rajasthan. 1995. Available from: URL: http://www.

policyproject. com/pubs/countryreports/ARH. India. pdf

27. IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2). 2000. Available from: URL: http://www. nfhsindia. org/nfhs3. html

28. Kasame Sakonllapap. Yong People in Bangkok, Thailand. 9 November 2006. (Not copyright).

29. Laddawan Chanvititkul. The Effectiveness of Counseling Intervention as Health Education Program on Self-Care Behavior among Hypertensive Patient Attending Service at Charoenkrungpracharak Hospital (dissertation). Bangkok (Thailand). Mahidol Univ. ; 1995.

30. Ministry of Social Development and Human Security. A target of Society, Bangkok, Thailand. 1999. Available from: URL: http://www. dsdw. go. th

31. Maha Chakri Sirindhon, H. R. H. Princess. Education of the Disadvantaged: a lecture, the 15th Annual Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Day, (Prasarnmit branch), Bangkok, Thailand, Srinakarinwirot Univ. ; 2001 November 12, p: 7-29

32. Mother Elisa Cavana. The Hill Tribes Disadvantaged in Northern, Thailand from Teresa Anusorn Foundation (Ban Teresa), Winag Pa Pow, Chaing Rai. 20-30 October 2006. (Not copyright).

33. National Statistical Office. Report of the Labor Force Survey Whole Kingdom (Round 4: October-December), Bangkok, Thailand. 2003. (Copyright)

34. Niklaus Steiner. Available from: URL: http://www. ucis. unc. edu/resources/pubs

/development/Moon. pdf#search=%22Knowledge%20and% 20attitude%20HIV%2FAIDS

%20%22

35. Nichet Sunthornpitak and Kanokkorn Phruksakit. Troubled teens cannot turn to teachers. 2003. Available from: URL: http”//www. Thailandlife. com/thaiyouth_95. htm

36. Patcharaporn Panyawuthikrai. Evaluation an Educational Program on dispensing behavior between Intervention and Control groups of drug stores in Bangkok (dissertation). Bangkok, Thailand. Mahidol Univ. ; 1999.

37. Patong Street Children Shelter. Available from: URL: http://www. phuket.

holiday-inn. . com/ foundation. htm

38. Parwej Saroj, Kumar Rajesh, Walia Indarjeet, Aggarwal Arun K. Available from: URL: http://www. ijppediatricsindia. org/article. asp?issn=0019- 5456;year=2005;

volume=72;issue=4; spage=287;epage=291;aulast=Parwej/

39. Population and Health IndoShare. A Socio-Medical Assessment of the Sexual and Reproductive Heath of Adolescents in Bihar. 2006 March. (Copyright).

40. Project of Jaipur’ Government, Rajasthan India. January, p: 1. (Copyright).

41. Prasarn Ruansang. The disadvantaged children in Channai Himmat, Slum area (Jammu), Jammu & Kashmir State, India. 19 February 2007. (Not copyright).

42. Suwat Srisorrachatr. Domestic violence: Socio-cultural perspective and Social intervention in a Thai community, Bangkok, Thailand (dissertation). Mahidol Univ. ; 2001.

43. Santi Jongkongka. The disadvantaged children in Jammu. 29 March 2007. (Not copyright).

44. S. D. Gupta. Adolescent Reproductive Health in India. Status, Policies, Programs, and Issues. Indian Institute of Health Management Research. POLICY 2003. (Copyright).

45. State of the World’s Children. Childhood under threat. 2005. Available from: URL: http://www. bangkoktourist. com/Bangkok. php and phishare. org/documents/PRC Pantana/4107

46. Thai Basic Education Curriculum. BE 2544 (AD 2001). Available from: URL: http:// cilab. ied. edu. hk/clprogram/icp/Curriculum_and_Learning_ Reform_in_ Thailand. pdf#search=%22 Thai%20Basic%20Education%20 Curriculum. %20BE%202544%20

(AD%202001)%20%22

47. Thai Education History. Available from: URL: http://www. school-portal. co. uk/groupHomepage. asp?GroupID=66561

48. Thai Post Newspaper. Thai’s family crisis, the moment has arrived to appoint of Government of Thailand. 2005. Available from: URL: http:// www. thaipost. net// index.

asp?=thaipost&postdate=27/Much/2548& cat id=501

49. Thailand. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. 2005. Available from: URL: http:www. //lcweb2. loc. gov/frd/cs/profiles/Thailand. pdf

50. Thongbai Thongpao. Save our youth from sin. 2002. Available from: URL: http://www. thailandlife. com/thaiyouth_83. html

51. Tong Thum Struggles. Thailand Sex and Drug. 2006 February 20. Available from: URL: http://www. thailand-blog. com/

52. The Bangkok Post, Newspaper. An Economic review, mid-year, Thailand. 1998 July 1. (Copyright)

53. The Bangkok Post, Newspaper. An Economic review, year-end, Thailand. 1998, December, 31. (Copyright)

54. The Express Transportation Organization of Thailand. Department of Provincial Administration. Population Record. 2005. Available from: URL: http://www. dopa. go. th/ stat/y_ stat48. html

55. The Nation, Newspaper (daily). RCA tops list of Bangkok nightspots for young students. 2005; Saturday, February 10. (Copyright).

56. The Post Newspaper. An Economic review, year-end, Thailand. 1997 December 31. (Copyright).

57. The Thai Health Promotion Foundation. Available from: URL: http://www. Thailand life. com/thaiyouth_67. html

58. The Office of the Education Council. Education in Thailand. Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing, Ministry of Education, Thailand. 2004 ISBN 379-5930-32-E, p: 23-26

59. The Office of Welfare Promotion, Protection and Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups. Thailand’s Second Report. Available from: URL: http://www. thaiembdc. org/

pressctr/announce/ThaiYouth2UNGA62. pdf

60. The Office of the National Education Commission Education in Thailand. Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing. 1998. ISBN 974-8086-30-5, p: 154

61. The World Bank (Thailand). Population by age and Sex. Youth in Numbers: East Asia and the Pacific, Children and Youth – Human Development Hub, Children and Youth, HDNCY, Washington DC, USA. 2004 November, p: 4-5

62. Teacher Chantana Rangsome. Street Children at Khon Khen, Thailand. 5 December 2006. (Not copyright).

63. United Nations (UN). UN medium population projection. World Population Prospects, the 2000 Revision, into the POLICY Project’s, SPECTRUM Model and projecting the population to 2020. 2000. (Copyright).

64. UNICEF House. Working Children’s Report. 3 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017. 2004; ISBN: 92-806-3817-3, p: 2. (Copyright).

65. UNDP/ UNFPA/ WHO/ World Bank Special Programme of Research. Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP). Progress in Reproductive Health of Adolescents. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2003; Document Number: 64, p: 1, 3. (Copyright).

66. UNESCO. Education and Training strategies for Disadvantaged group in Thailand. 2001 December, International Institute for Educational Planning, p: 55-70.

67. UNESCO. Early Childhood Care and Education and other Family Policies and Programs in South-East Asia: Working for Access quality and inclusion in Thailand, Philippine and Viet Nam, Bangkok, Thailand. 2004 p: 4-5. (Copyright).

68. UNAIDS. HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections – Update Thailand the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization (WHO). 2004 November. (Copyright).

69. Vosburg, Jill. Preschool Children’s Classification Skills and a Multicultural Education Intervention to Promote Acceptance of Ethnic Diversity. (Statistical Data Included). 2000. Available from: URL: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_ hb1439/is_ 200003/ai_n5870666

70. World Health Organization (WHO). Promoting and safeguarding the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents. Department of Reproductive Health and Research & Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, Geneva, Switzerland, March; p: Implementing the Global Reproductive Health Strategy. Policy Brief No. 4. 2006; Document Number: 312300. (Copyright).

71. World Health Organization (WHO). Population by age and Sex. Available from: URL: http://whqlibdoc. who. int/hq/2006/RHR_policybrief4_eng. pdf

72. Yuan-Hsiang, Chu. Sexuality Education Intervention Effects of Teacher (dissertation). Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Shu-Te Univ. ; 2005.

73. Yi JK. Vietnamese American college students’ knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS (dissertation). J Am College Health. 1998

74. Y. N. Sridhar. The disadvantaged children in India. 29 July 2007. (Not copyright).

There are so many myths and unfounded fears about plastic surgery. Thanks to those online nationwide clinics which include Leeds, London, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Liverpool, Bristol, Birmingham and Cardiff that they have explained most of the procedures in such vivid details that it is easy to understand what is a plastic surgery and what it can do to help those who are in need. Explore online site and see what they have over there and how they can help.

What is more, some plastic surgery concerns have made it affordable. Not only that, they also have Plastic Surgery Financing solutions for every procedure. So no one needs to put off what is required now only due to finances.

Browse the site and read some of the procedures they have described there. I read how Breast Enlargement works. I was surprised to learn has been explained there. Take a look and make you look your look the best. Learn what plastic surgery offering and how?

Enhancing Services of Panchayat Raj in Public Health

* Ramaiah Bheenaveni

Panchayats in India are an age old institution for governance at village level. In 1992, through the enactment of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) were strengthened as local government organizations with clear areas of jurisdiction, adequate power, authority and funds commensurate with responsibilities.

Panchayats have been assigned 29 rural development activities, including several, which are related to health and population stabilization. The XI schedule includes Family Welfare, Health and Sanitation, (including hospitals, primary health centers, and dispensaries,) and the XII schedule includes Public Health.

“Thus the possible realm of influence of the Panchayats extends over a significant proportion of public health issues. The Gram Sabha, where empowered has the potential to act as a community level accountability mechanism to ensure that the functions of the village Panchayat in the area of public health and family welfare, actually respond to people’s needs”.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment makes it mandatory that functions related to the provision of primary health care – maternal health and family welfare are the responsibility of the PRIs. Besides the various development sector departments come under the functional jurisdiction of the district panchayat. Creating a health system with the panchayats being made responsible for supervising and monitoring health services seems an ideal model.

The National Health Policy, 2001, also emphasizes implementation of public health programmes through local self-government institutions, especially relating to the national disease control programmes. The Planning Commission set up a Task Force to review PRI involvement in various sectors and to make recommendations on engagement of PRIs specific to each sector. A Task Force Report pertaining to five major programmes within HFW and the particular functions of PRI. The Task Force Report summarizes key functions for each of the tiers of the PRI in respect of five major programmes- Reproductive and Child Health (RCH), and programmes for Vector Borne Diseases, Blindness TB Control Programmes, and STI/AIDS. Many of the activities proposed are related to identification of people in need of services, in collaboration with the health system and monitoring of village level health workers, and Primary and secondary health care facilities. Currently the PRI are not equipped to take on such planning and monitoring functions, nor is there a cognizance in the health system of the role of PRI.

Critical Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in the success of the National Rural Health Mission

PRIs are seen as critical to the planning, implementation, and monitoring of the NRHM. The NRHM is seen as a vehicle to ensure that preventive and promotive interventions reach the vulnerable and marginalized through expanding outreach and linking with local governance institutions. Key to the success of the NRHM are: intersectoral convergence, community ownership steered through village level health committees at the level of the Gram Panchayat, and a strong public sector health system with support from the private sector. Underlying this is a commitment to systemic reform within the health sector for better regulation of medical establishments, public health oriented medical education, strengthened management capacity, and effective and rational human resource policies. Success of the NRHM in achieving its outcomes is significantly dependent on well functioning gram, block and district level Panchayats. It is anticipated that in the NRHM, a Task Force will be set up to specifically recommend and study the centrality of PRIs to the NRHM.

ASHA, the mechanism to strengthen village level service delivery, will be a local resident and selected by the Gram Panchayat or the Village Health Committee (VHC). She will be supported in her work by the AWW, school teacher, members of local community based organizations, such as SHGs, and the Village Health committee. ASHA’s role would be to facilitate care seeking and serve as a depot holder for a package of basic medicines. She will be reimbursed on a performance based remuneration plan.

The Village Health Committee (VHC) will form the link between the Gram Panchayat and the community. The VHC would be responsible for working with the Gram Panchayat to ensure that the health plan is in harmony with the overall local plan. It is anticipated that this committee will prepare a Village Health Plan and maintain village level data, supervised by the Gram Panchayat. Engaging the Gram Sabha and other groups in planning and monitoring the Village Health Plan will presumably enforce transparency and accountability.

Under the NRHM, untied funds of about Rs. 5000-Rs. 10,000 are to be placed with the ANM to meet unanticipated expenditures and to ensure that lack of drugs and other consumables is not an issue. At the sub center level planning and use of these funds will be supported by the appropriate tier of the panchayat.

Effective health care is not within the realm of the health department alone. At the village level convergence is required with agencies providing nutrition, sanitation, education, livelihood/poverty alleviation and empowerment schemes at the very least. Beyond the functionaries of each of the line departments, the only institution at the village level which can coordinate all these functions is the PRI. In reality however there is little convergence at the village level in many states, much less an active role

for the PRI in facilitating convergence. At the District level a District Health Mission will coordinate NRHM functions. Sanitation will be aligned with the NRHM.

Several Health Programmes Monitoring by PRI:

ACCELERATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME (ARWSP)

Under ARWSP, the Central Government is to supplement the efforts of the State Governments in providing access to safe drinking water to all rural habitations of the country.

The role of PRIs in implementation of this scheme are :

 Panchayati Raj Institutions should be involved in the implementation of schemes particularly in selecting the location of standpost, spot sources, operation and maintenance, fixing of cess/water tariff, etc.

 The implementation of the Sector Reform Projects in the identified pilot districts, are also to be carried out either by the District Panchayats or through the District Water and Sanitation Missions (DWSM), which are to be registered societies under the supervision, control and guidance of District Panchayat.

 Wherever PRIs are themselves firmly in place and willing to take up the responsibility and are strong enough to do so, they implement the projects themselves instead of DWSM.

 At the village level, the individual Rural Water Supply Schemes are to be implemented through Village Water and Sanitation Committees which should be committees of Gram Panchayats.

 Drinking water supply assets are transferred to the appropriate level of Panchayats and such Panchayats are to be empowered to undertake operation and maintenance of drinking water systems.

CENTRAL RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMME (CRSP)

This programme aims at improving the general quality of life in rural areas; accelerating coverage in rural areas; generating demand through awareness creation and health education; and controlling incidence of water sanitation related diseases.

The role of PRIs in implementation if this scheme are :-

 Total Sanitation Campain (TSC) is a community based programme where Panchayati Raj Institutons are in the forefront.

 As per TSC Guidelines, the implementation at the district level is to be done by the District Panchayats. Panchayats at block and village level are to be fully involved for implementation of the programme.

 Where District Panchayat is not in a position to implement the programme, it is being implemented by District Water & Sanitation Mission which is chaired by Chairperson of District Panchayat and the Village Committees are chaired by the Chairpersons of Gram Panchayats. In the later case, the Village Water & Sanitation Mission are part of the Gram Panchayat.

SWAJALDHARA

This programme aims at providing Community-based Rural Drinking Water Supply. The key elements of this programmes are namely, (i) demand-driven and community participation approach, (ii) panchayats / communities to plan, implement, operate, maintain and manage all drinking water schemes, (iii) partial capital cost sharing by the communities upfront in cash, (iv) full ownership of drinking water assets with Gram Panchayats and (v) full Operation and Maintenance by the users/ Panchayats.

The role of PRIs in implementation of this scheme are :-

 Gram Panchayat shall convene a Gram Sabha Meeting where the Drinking Water Supply Scheme of People’s choice including design and cost etc. must be finalized. Gram Panchayats are to undertake procurement of materials/services for execution of schemes and supervise the scheme execution.

 A resolution must be passed in the Gram Panchayat meeting calling for users/beneficiaries to contribute 10% of the capital expenditure. However, GP can remit towards community contribution from its tax revinue (Not from Government Grants) with the approval of Gram Sabha.

 Gram Panchayat will decide whether the Panchayat wants to execute Scheme on its own or wants the State Government Agency to undertake the execution.

 After completion of such schemes, the Gram Panchayat will take over the Schemes for Operation & Maintenance(O&M).

 Panchayat must decide on the user charges from the community so that adequate funds available with Panchayat to undertake O&M.

Conclusions:

However, the extent to which reproductive health care is enhanced by the panchayats depends on the funds and functions devolved to them for carrying out these responsibilities. Clarity in the separation of powers between the elected representatives and the bureaucracy at the local government are important in this context. While the development targets include reducing the incidence of maternal mortality and morbidity, the question still remains whether the institutional interventions and resources allocated are adequate to address these problems. Gram Panchayat has a supervisory role in ensuring proper delivery of services. Many of them were not aware of what comprised the role and responsibility of panchayats in healthcare service delivery.

References:

1. Manual on Target Free Approach, Department of Family Welfare, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India

2. Panchayat Raj Institutions In India An Appraisal- National Institute Of Rural Development, 1995.

3. Vijayanand, S. M, Decentralization and Health, Paper presented at Role of Local Government Institutions in Population Stabilization, Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi, February 2003.

4. Dash, Dhanlaxmi (2006) – Women Environment and Health, Manga Deep Publications, Delhi.

5. The Constitution ( Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992,

6. Rosenstock IM. What research in motivation suggests for public health. Am J. Public Health. 1960; 50:295-301.

A strange thing has happened in our family. I quit my job in order to homeschool our son, basically giving up $2400 a month in take home pay. I don’t at all regret doing it, as we are having a blast and my son is learning more than ever. The strange thing, though, is that since I quit my job, my husband and I have been able to save more money than ever. We totally changed our spending habits and are now have enough savings where we are looking into the best cd rates so that we can get a good return on our money. I think we’ve been able to save so much, in part, because we’re both happier. It’s amazing how much money a family can spend when they are rushing to and fro trying to stay afloat. We ate out much too often, and I know that I covered up my dissatisfaction with the status quo by doing recreational shopping. I’m now riding bikes with my son and going on long walks with the dogs, both of which are completely free. By putting our money into CDs instead of the nail salon’s coffers, we know that we’ll have money for our son’s college or a new business later on down the line. It’s a relief to finally not be living paycheck to paycheck.

Getting generic medication used to be very difficult. Not all pharmacies carry generic brands and doctors would often prescribe patented medication to patients. Generic medication practically offer the same kind of medication as patented original versions. The only difference is usually just the price and the packaging of the drugs. There is already an increase of variety and number of generic medication thanks to some drug regulatory boards and pharmacies, both in the local and online community. There are now a lot of generic medication options available to people. People now are able to purchase some medications online and take advantage of free online consultation and even free delivery of medication. An Online Pharmacy that I highly recommend and I deem worth visiting is Generic4u.com. Aside from this online pharmacy offering only generic medication that are sold in community pharmacies, it assures customers of the best service ever. Those individuals who wants to get some pharmaceuticals delivered but do not have prescriptions are still accommodated. To ensure that the medication is appropriate for the condition, there is an online consultation form that is offered to consumers. The online consultation form will be reviewed by a physician online who can issue a prescription for whatever medication needed. May it be for the generic Cialis or generic Levitra Online at this website you will surely be able to get the medication at the best affordable prices.